Complicaciones De Preeclampsia: Actualización
[Preeclampsia Complications: Update]Jorge Arturo Collantes Cubas1, Edwub Román Guzmán Aybar2, Paulino Vigil-De Gracia3
1. Docente invitado de la Universidad Nacional de Cajamarca, Hospital Regional Docente de Cajamarca, Perú; RENACYT, Perú; 2. 1- Docente invitado de la Universidad Nacional de Cajamarca, Hospital Regional Docente de Cajamarca, Perú; 3. Complejo Hospitalario Dr. AAM, Caja de Seguro Social; SNI, SENACYT, Panamá .
Descargas
Archivos adicionales
Resumen
En esta actualización se definen las complicaciones de pre-eclampsia empezando por los cambios en la definición que incluyen 6 órganos blanco incluyendo el edema pulmonar y el compromiso utero-placentario.
En eclampsia se precisa su fisiopatología como perdida de autorregulación del flujo sanguíneo cerebral, edema y posible hemorragia, se presentan los esquemas de sulfato de magnesio y se define su no probada necesidad en el postparto.
En edema pulmonar se contemplan las 3 causas como presión incrementada, sobre-hidratación y daño endotelial precisando en el manejo a veces los diuréticos y a veces la intubación.
En ruptura hepática, se precisa su etiología que inicia con daño endotelial extravasación de glóbulos rojos, trombosis, hemorragia, formación de hematoma y su ruptura. Se precisa los segmentos del lóbulo derecho como los mayormente comprometidos, la precisión del grado de daño hepático con dos clasificaciones y sus múltiples manejos basados en el empaquetamiento hepático.
En síndrome HELLP, se precisa su etiología como la suma del compromiso hepático y hematológico, la necesidad de precisar los grados de severidad y se muestra que su presencia más de origen temprano agrava las demás complicaciones. Se menciona los beneficios de la dexametasona en su manejo.
En Injuria renal aguda se muestra en la etiología no sólo la glomeruloendoteliosis si no la podocituria y la trombosis microangiopática, se precisa la presencia de hematuria como signo de alarma, los criterios de los estadios AKI 1, 2 y 3 de la última clasificación y su manejo con terapia de reemplazo y hemodiálisis.
Por último, en el compromiso útero placentario, se precisan las últimas definiciones de RCIU que es un dato de severidad de pre-eclampsia y que tomar en cuenta el criterio previene la mortalidad perinatal significativamente que cuando no se considera como criterio.
Abstract
This update defines complications of preeclampsia starting with changes in definition that include 6 target organs including pulmonary edema and Uteroplacental dysfunction.
In eclampsia its pathophysiology is specified as a loss of self-regulation of cerebral blood flow, edema and possible hemorrhage, magnesium sulfate schemes are presented and its unproven need in the postpartum period is defined.
In acute pulmonary edema, the 3 causes are contemplated such as increased pressure, overhydration and endothelial damage, sometimes requiring diuretics and sometimes intubation in the management.
In hepatic rupture, its etiology is specified that begins with extravasation endothelial damage of red blood cells, thrombosis, hemorrhage, hematoma formation and its rupture. It specifies the segments of the right lobe as the most compromised, the accuracy of the degree of liver damage with two classifications and its multiple management based on liver packing.
In HELLP syndrome, its etiology is specified as the sum of the hepatic and hematological involvement, the need to specify the degrees of severity and it is shown that its presence more of early origin aggravates the other complications. The benefits of dexamethasone in its management are mentioned.
In acute kidney injury, the etiology shows not only glomeruloendotheliosis but also podocituria and microangiopathic thrombosis, the presence of hematuria as a sign of alarm, the criteria of the AKI stages 1, 2 and 3 of the last classification and its management with replacement therapy and hemodialysis.
Finally, in placental uterine involvement, the latest definitions of o fetal growth restriction are specified, which is a data of severity of preeclampsia and that taking into account the criterion prevents perinatal mortality significantly than when it is not considered as a criterion.
Citas
[1] Poon LC, Magee LA, Verlohren S, et al. A literature review and best practice advice for second and third trimester risk stratification, monitoring, and management of pre-eclampsia: Compiled by the Pregnancy and Non-Communicable Diseases Committee of FIGO (the International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics). Int J Gynaecol Obstet. 2021;154 Suppl 1:3-31. doi:10.1002/ijgo.13763.
[2] Tanner MS, Davey MA, Mol BW, Rolnik DL. The evolution of the diagnostic criteria of preeclampsia-eclampsia. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2022;226(2S):S835-S843. doi:10.1016/j.ajog.2021.11.1371
[3] ACOG Practice Bulletin No. 202: Gestational Hypertension and Preeclampsia. Obstet Gynecol. 2019;133(1):1. doi:10.1097/AOG.0000000000003018
[4] Ives CW, Sinkey R, Rajapreyar I, Tita ATN, Oparil S. Preeclampsia-Pathophysiology and Clinical Presentations: JACC State-of-the-Art Review. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2020;76(14):1690-1702. doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2020.08.014
[5] Saleh L, Tahitu SIM, Danser AHJ, van den Meiracker AH, Visser W. The predictive value of the sFlt-1/PlGF ratio on short-term absence of preeclampsia and maternal and fetal or neonatal complications in twin pregnancies. Pregnancy Hypertens. 2018;14:222-227. doi:10.1016/j.preghy.2018.03.014
[6] Fishel Bartal M, Sibai BM. Eclampsia in the 21st century. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2020 Sep 24:S0002-9378(20)31128-5. doi: 10.1016/j.ajog.2020.09.037. Epub ahead of print. PMID: 32980358.
[7] Cipolla MJ. Cerebrovascular function in pregnancy and eclampsia. Hypertension. 2007 Jul;50(1):14-24. doi: 10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.106.079442. Epub 2007 Jun 4. PMID: 17548723.
[8] Mahendra, V., Clark, S.L., Suresh, M.S., Neuropathophysiology of preeclampsia and eclampsia: a review of cerebral hemodynamic principles in hypertensive disorders of pregnancy, Pregnancy Hypertension: An International Journal of Women's Cardiovascular Health (2020), doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/
[10] Altman D, Carroli G, Duley L, Farrell B, Moodley J, Neilson J, Smith D; Magpie Trial Collaboration Group. Do women with pre-eclampsia, and their babies, benefit from magnesium sulphate? The Magpie Trial: a randomised placebo-controlled trial. Lancet. 2002 Jun 1;359(9321):1877-90. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(02)08778-0. PMID: 12057549.
[11] Berhan Y, Berhan A. Should magnesium sulfate be administered to women with mild pre-eclampsia? A systematic review of published reports on eclampsia. J Obstet Gynaecol Res. 2015;41(6):831-842. doi:10.1111/jog.12697
[12] Sibai BM. Eclampsia. VI. Maternal-perinatal outcome in 254 consecutive cases. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1990 Sep;163(3):1049-54; discussion 1054-5. doi: 10.1016/0002-9378(90)91123-t. PMID: 2403130.
[13] Vigil-De Gracia P, Rojas-Suarez J, Ramos E, et al. Incidence of eclampsia with HELLP syndrome and associated mortality in Latin America. Int J Gynaecol Obstet. 2015;129(3):219-222. doi:10.1016/j.ijgo.2014.11.024
[14] Fischer M, Schmutzhard E. Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome. J Neurol. 2017 Aug;264(8):1608-1616. doi: 10.1007/s00415-016-8377-8. Epub 2017 Jan 4. PMID: 28054130; PMCID: PMC5533845
[15] Duley L, Gülmezoglu AM, Henderson-Smart DJ, Chou D. Magnesium sulphate and other anticonvulsants for women with pre-eclampsia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2010;2010(11):CD000025. Published 2010 Nov 10. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD000025.pub2
[16] Euser AG, Cipolla MJ. Magnesium sulfate for the treatment of eclampsia: a brief review. Stroke. 2009 Apr;40(4):1169-75. doi: 10.1161/STROKEAHA.108.527788. Epub 2009 Feb 10. PMID: 19211496; PMCID: PMC2663594.
[17] Okusanya BO, Oladapo OT, Long Q, Lumbiganon P, Carroli G, Qureshi Z, Duley L, Souza JP, Gülmezoglu AM. Clinical pharmacokinetic properties of magnesium sulphate in women with pre-eclampsia and eclampsia. BJOG. 2016 Feb;123(3):356-66. doi: 10.1111/1471-0528.13753. Epub 2015 Nov 24. PMID: 26599617; PMCID: PMC4737322.
[18] Pascoal ACF, Katz L, Pinto MH, et al. Serum magnesium levels during magnesium sulfate infusion at 1 gram/hour versus 2 grams/hour as a maintenance dose to prevent eclampsia in women with severe preeclampsia: A randomized clinical trial. Medicine (Baltimore). 2019;98(32):e16779. doi:10.1097/MD.0000000000016779
[19] Unwaha EA, Bello FA, Bello OO, Oladokun A. Intravenous magnesium sulfate in the management of severe pre-eclampsia: A randomized study of 12-hour versus 24-hour maintenance dose. Int J Gynaecol Obstet. 2020 Apr;149(1):37-42. doi: 10.1002/ijgo.13082. Epub 2020 Jan 8. PMID: 31833059.
[20] Vigil-De Gracia P, Ramirez R, Durán Y, Quintero A. Magnesium sulfate for 6 vs 24 hours post delivery in patients who received magnesium sulfate for less than 8 hours before birth: a randomized clinical trial. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 2017;17(1):241. Published 2017 Jul 24. doi:10.1186/s12884-017-1424-3
[21] Vigil-DeGracia P, Ludmir J, Ng J, et al. Is there benefit to continue magnesium sulphate postpartum in women receiving magnesium sulphate before delivery? A randomised controlled study. BJOG. 2018;125(10):1304-1311. doi:10.1111/1471-0528.15320
[22] Vigil-De Gracia P, Rojas-Suarez J, Ramos E, Reyes O, Collantes J, Quintero A, Huertas E, Calle A, Turcios E, Chon VY. Incidence of eclampsia with HELLP syndrome and associated mortality in Latin America. Int J Gynaecol Obstet. 2015 Jun;129(3):219-22. doi: 10.1016/j.ijgo.2014.11.024. Epub 2015 Feb 7. PMID: 25687238.
[23] Collantes Cubas JA, Vigil-De Gracia P, Pérez Ventura SA, Morrillo Montes OE. Enfermedad cerebrovascular hemorrágica en la eclampsia asociada al síndrome HELLP. Rev Peru Ginecol Obstet. 2018;64(4):555-562 DOI:https://doi. org/10.31403/rpgo.v64i2123
[24] Ware LB, Matthay MA. Clinical practice. Acute pulmonary edema. N Engl J Med. 2005;353(26):2788-2796. doi:10.1056/NEJMcp052699
[25] Benedetti TJ, Kates R, Williams V. Hemodynamic observations in severe preeclampsia complicated by pulmonary edema. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1985;152(3):330-334. doi:10.1016/s0002-9378(85)80222-2
[26] Gandhi S, Sun D, Park AL, Hladunewich M, Silversides CK, Ray JG. The Pulmonary Edema Preeclampsia Evaluation (PEPE) Study. J Obstet Gynaecol Can. 2014 Dec;36(12):1065-1070. doi: 10.1016/S1701-2163(15)30383-2. PMID: 25668041.
[27] Keepanasseril A, Monárrez-Espino J, Vadivelu P, Kumar Maurya D. Risk factors of pulmonary edema in women with preeclampsia from south India: a case-control study. J Hum Hypertens. 2020;34(10):727-734. doi:10.1038/s41371-020-0300-1
[28] Sibai BM, Mabie BC, Harvey CJ, Gonzalez AR. Pulmonary edema in severe preeclampsia-eclampsia: analysis of thirty-seven consecutive cases. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1987 May;156(5):1174-9. doi: 10.1016/0002-9378(87)90135-9. PMID: 3578433.
[29] Ram M, Anteby M, Weiniger CF, Havakuk O, Gilboa I, Shenhav M, Yogev Y. Acute pulmonary edema due to severe preeclampsia in advanced maternal age women. Pregnancy Hypertens. 2021 Aug;25:150-155. doi: 10.1016/j.preghy.2021.05.019. Epub 2021 Jun 2. PMID: 34144403.
[30] Van Heerden P, Cluver CA, Bergman K, Bergman L. Blood pressure as a risk factor for eclampsia and pulmonary oedema in pre-eclampsia. Pregnancy Hypertens. 2021 Dec;26:2-7. doi: 10.1016/j.preghy.2021.07.241. Epub 2021 Jul 23. PMID: 34392166.
[31] Ukah UV, Payne B, Hutcheon JA, et al. Assessment of the fullPIERS Risk Prediction Model in Women With Early-Onset Preeclampsia. Hypertension. 2018;71(4):659-665. doi:10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.117.10318
[32] da Silva WA, Pinheiro AM, Lima PH, Malbouisson LMS. Renal and cardiovascular repercussions in preeclampsia and their impact on fluid management: a literature review. Braz J Anesthesiol. 2021 Jul-Aug;71(4):421-428. doi: 10.1016/j.bjane.2021.02.052. Epub 2021 Apr 15. PMID: 33845102.
[33] Hammad Y, Hasanin A, Elsakka A, Refaie A, Abdelfattah D, Rahman SA, Zayed M, Hassabelnaby Y, Mukhtar A, Omran A. Thoracic fluid content: a novel parameter for detection of pulmonary edema in parturients with preeclampsia. J Clin Monit Comput. 2019 Jun;33(3):413-418. doi: 10.1007/s10877-018-0176-6. Epub 2018 Jun 23. PMID: 29936563.
[34] Dennis AT, Solnordal CB. Acute pulmonary oedema in pregnant women. Anaesthesia. 2012 Jun;67(6):646-59. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2044.2012.07055.x. Epub 2012 Mar 15. PMID: 22420683.
[35] Vera M. Eduardo, Pérez C. Alberto, Lattus O. José, Barrera C. Verónica, Campaña V. Gonzalo, Kattan M. José et al. Rotura hepática asociada a preeclampsia severa y síndrome hellp: manejo y tratamiento con taponamiento intraabdominal temporal de compresas. Rev. chil. obstet. ginecol. [Internet]. 2004 [citado 2022 Abr 20] ; 69( 4 ): 319-327. Disponible en: http://www.scielo.cl/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0717-75262004000400011&lng=es.http://dx.doi.org/10.4067/S0717-75262004000400011.
[36] Dubey S, Rani J. "Hepatic rupture in preeclampsia and HELLP syndrome: A catastrophic presentation". Taiwan J Obstet Gynecol. 2020;59(5):643-651. doi:10.1016/j.tjog.2020.07.003.
[37] Vigil-De Gracia, P. and Ortega-Paz, L. (2012), Pre-eclampsia/eclampsia and hepatic rupture. International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics, 118: 186-189. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijgo.2012.03.042
[38] Valladares Gutiérrez EA. Factores de riesgo para morbilidad materna extrema por rotura hepática espontánea en preeclampsia severa. Rev Peru Ginecol Obstet. 2019;65(4):443-448. DOI: https://doi.org/10.31403/rpgo.v65i2202
[39] Cruz-Santiago J, Meza-Jiménez G, Ayala-López EA, Velázquez-García JA, Moreno-Ley PI, Robledo-Meléndez A, et al. Ruptura hepática en el síndrome de HELLP. Revisión del tratamiento quirúrgico. Cir Gen. 2020; 42(1): 31-37. doi: 10.35366/92709.
[40] González EY, Ávila EJF. Morbimortalidad materna asociada a ruptura hepática o hematoma subcapsular por preeclampsia-eclampsia y síndrome HELLP. Arch Inv Mat Inf. 2010;2(2):51-55.
[41] Meza-Salcedo, R., De-la-Peña-Meniz, W. J., Díaz-Seminario, A. M., Sandoval-Manrique, H., Málaga-Bustamante, P. P., Cano-Loayza, J. C., Delgado-Fuentes, M. A., Calsina-Acuña, C., Cachay-Alor, C., Villalobos-Corrales, K. E., Ramos-Bravo, H., Magallanes-Zuzunaga, I., & Mendoza-Torres, F. Características clínicas de la rotura hepática relacionada con la preeclampsia severa en el Instituto Nacional Materno Perinatal. Revista Peruana De Investigación Materno Perinatal, 2019; 4(1), 20–26. https://doi.org/10.33421/inmp.21539
[42] Coccolini, Federico et al. “WSES classification and guidelines for liver trauma.” World journal of emergency surgery : WJES vol. 11 50. 10 Oct. 2016, doi:10.1186/s13017-016-0105-2
[43] Coccolini F, Coimbra R, Ordonez C, Kluger Y, Vega F, Moore EE, Biffl W, Peitzman A, Horer T, Abu-Zidan FM, Sartelli M, Fraga GP, Cicuttin E, Ansaloni L, Parra MW, Millán M, DeAngelis N, Inaba K, Velmahos G, Maier R, Khokha V, Sakakushev B, Augustin G, di Saverio S, Pikoulis E, Chirica M, Reva V, Leppaniemi A, Manchev V, Chiarugi M, Damaskos D, Weber D, Parry N, Demetrashvili Z, Civil I, Napolitano L, Corbella D, Catena F; WSES expert panel. Liver trauma: WSES 2020 guidelines. World J Emerg Surg. 2020 Mar 30;15(1):24. doi: 10.1186/s13017-020-00302-7. PMID: 32228707; PMCID: PMC7106618.
[44] Bradke, Daniel et al. “Grade III subcapsular liver hematoma secondary to HELLP syndrome: A case report of conservative management.” Case reports in women's health vol. 25 e00169. 24 Dec. 2019, doi:10.1016/j.crwh.2019.e00169
[45] Mise, Yoshihiro et al. “Three-dimensional volumetry in 107 normal livers reveals clinically relevant inter-segment variation in size.” HPB : the official journal of the International Hepato Pancreato Biliary Association vol. 16,5 (2014): 439-47. doi:10.1111/hpb.12157.
[46] Farzaneh, Negar et al. “A deep learning framework for automated detection and quantitative assessment of liver trauma.” BMC medical imaging vol. 22,1 39. 8 Mar. 2022, doi:10.1186/s12880-022-00759-9
[47] Pérez A, Martínez W, Loeffler S, Molloa E, Campaña G, Czwiklitzer G. Hematoma subcapsular hepático roto asociado a preeclampsia severa y síndrome de HELLP como urgencia quirúrgica: Técnica quirúrgica. Rev Chil Cir [Internet]. 2007 Dic [citado 2022 Abr 20] ; 59( 6 ): 403-407. Disponible en: http://www.scielo.cl/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0718-40262007000600003&lng=es. http://dx.doi.org/10.4067/S0718-40262007000600003.
[48] Moura, Catarina et al. “Hepatic rupture in HELLP syndrome.” Journal of surgical case reports vol. 2019,10 rjz277. 17 Oct. 2019, doi:10.1093/jscr/rjz277
[49] Ramírez Cabrera JO, Campos Siccha GJ, Zapata Díaz BM, Mendoza Solórzano PR, Mejía Cabrera FS. Rotura hepática en síndrome de HELLP: electrofulguración y uso de malla. Reporte de caso. Rev Peru Ginecol Obstet. 2019;65(4):537-540. DOI: https://doi.org/10.31403/rpgo.v65i2222
[50] Grigorakis, Stylianos et al. “Subcapsular Liver Hematoma: A Rare Complication of Hemolysis, Elevated Liver Enzymes, and Low Platelets (HELLP) Syndrome Managed Conservatively.” Cureus vol. 14,2 e22058. 9 Feb. 2022, doi:10.7759/cureus.22058
[51] Ditisheim A, Sibai BM. Diagnosis and Management of HELLP Syndrome Complicated by Liver Hematoma. Clin Obstet Gynecol. 2017;60(1):190-197. doi:10.1097/GRF.0000000000000253
[52] Pritchard JA, Weisman R Jr, Ratnoff OD, Vosburgh Gj. Intravascular hemolysis, thrombocytopenia and other hematologic abnormalities associated with severe toxemia of pregnancy. N Engl J Med. 1954;250(3):89-98. doi:10.1056/NEJM195401212500301
[53] Weinstein L. Syndrome of hemolysis, elevated liver enzymes, and low platelet count: a severe consequence of hypertension in pregnancy. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1982;142(2):159-167. doi:10.1016/s0002-9378(16)32330-4
[54] Sibai BM, Ramadan MK, Usta I, et al. Maternal morbidity and mortality in 442 pregnancies with hemolysis, elevated liver enzymes, and low platelets (HELLP syndrome). Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1993;169:1000–1006
[55] Sibai BM. The HELLP syndrome (hemolysis, elevated liver enzymes, and low platelets): much ado about nothing? AmJ Obstet Gynecol 1990;162:311-6.
[56] Sibai BM, Taslimi MM, EI-Nazer A, Amon E, Mabie WC, Ryan GM. Maternal-perinatal outcome associated with the syndrome of hemolysis, elevated liver enzymes, and low platelets in severe preeclampsia. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1986;155: 501-9
[57] Sibai BM, Ramadan MK, Chari RS, Friedman SA. Pregnancies complicated by HELLP syndrome (hemolysis, elevated liver enzymes, and low platelets): subsequent pregnancy outcome and long-term prognosis. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1995;172(1 Pt 1):125-129. doi:10.1016/0002-9378(95)90099-3
[58] Barton JR, Sibai BM. Diagnosis and management of hemolysis, elevated liver enzymes, and low platelets syndrome. Clin Perinatol. 2004;31(4):807-vii. doi:10.1016/j.clp.2004.06.008
[59] Habli M, Eftekhari N, Wiebracht E, et al. Long-term maternal and subsequent pregnancy outcomes 5 years after hemolysis, elevated liver enzymes, and low platelets (HELLP) syndrome. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2009;201(4):385.e1-385.e3855. doi:10.1016/j.ajog.2009.06.033
[60] Egerman RS, Sibai BM. HELLP syndrome. Clin Obstet Gynecol. 1999;42(2):381-389. doi:10.1097/00003081-199906000-00022
[61] Sibai BM. Diagnosis, controversies, and management of the syndrome of hemolysis, elevated liver enzymes, and low platelet count. Obstet Gynecol. 2004;103(5 Pt 1):981-991. doi:10.1097/01.AOG.0000126245.35811.2a
[62] Martin JN, Rinehart BK, May WL, Magann EF, Terrone DA, Blake PG, et al. The spectrum of severe preeclampsia: Comparative analysis by HELLP (hemolysis, elevated liver enzyme levels, and low platelet count) syndrome classification. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1999;180:1373-84.
[63] Martin JN Jr, Brewer JM, Wallace K, et al. Hellp syndrome and composite major maternal morbidity: importance of Mississippi classification system. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med. 2013;26(12):1201-1206. doi:10.3109/14767058.2013.773308.
[64] Martin JN Jr, Rose CH, Briery CM. Understanding and managing HELLP syndrome: the integral role of aggressive glucocorticoids for mother and child. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2006;195(4):914-934. doi:10.1016/j.ajog.2005.08.044
[65] Magann EF, Martin JN Jr. Twelve steps to optimal management of HELLP syndrome. Clin Obstet Gynecol. 1999;42(3):532-550. doi:10.1097/00003081-199909000-00009
[66] Keiser SD, Owens MY, Parrish MR, et al. HELLP syndrome with and without eclampsia. Am J Perinatol. 2011;28(3):187-194. doi:10.1055/s-0030-1266155
[67] Helguera-Martínez AM, Tenorio-Marañón R, Vigil-de Gracia PE, García-Cáceres E. Síndrome de HELLP. Análisis de 102 casos [HELLP syndrome. Analysis of 102 cases]. Ginecol Obstet Mex. 1996;64:528-533.
[68] Vigil-De Gracia P. Pregnancy complicated by pre-eclampsia-eclampsia with HELLP syndrome. Int J Gynaecol Obstet. 2001;72(1):17-23. doi:10.1016/s0020-7292(00)00281-2
[69] Vigil-De Gracia P. Síndrome HELLP [HELLP syndrome]. Ginecol Obstet Mex. 2015;83(1):48-57.
[70] Vigil-De Gracia P. Dexamethasone treatment and HELLP syndrome. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2006;195(6):e10-e12. doi:10.1016/j.ajog.2006.02.038
[71] Añez-Aguayo MY, Vigil-De Gracia P. Dexamethasone in HELLP syndrome: experience in Bolivia. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med. 2020;33(1):1-4. doi:10.1080/14767058.2018.1482272
[72] Wallace K, Harris S, Addison A, Bean C. HELLP Syndrome: Pathophysiology and Current Therapies. Curr Pharm Biotechnol. 2018;19(10):816-826. doi:10.2174/1389201019666180712115215
[73] Petca A, Miron BC, Pacu I, et al. HELLP Syndrome-Holistic Insight into Pathophysiology. Medicina (Kaunas). 2022;58(2):326. Published 2022 Feb 21. doi:10.3390/medicina58020326
[74] Haram K, Svendsen E, Abildgaard U. The HELLP syndrome: clinical issues and management. A Review. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 2009;9:8. Published 2009 Feb 26. doi:10.1186/1471-2393-9-8
[75] Poldre PA. Haptoglobin helps diagnose the HELLP syndrome. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1987;157(5):1267. doi:10.1016/s0002-9378(87)80308-3
[76] von Salmuth V, van der Heiden Y, Bekkers I, et al. The role of hepatic sinusoidal obstruction in the pathogenesis of the hepatic involvement in HELLP syndrome: Exploring the literature. Pregnancy Hypertens. 2020;19:37-43. doi:10.1016/j.preghy.2019.11.012
[77] Kang, Su-Ya et al. “New indicators in evaluation of hemolysis, elevated liver enzymes, and low platelet syndrome: A case-control study.” World journal of clinical cases vol. 9,6 (2021): 1259-1270. doi:10.12998/wjcc.v9.i6.1259
[78] Arigita Lastra, M, and G S Martínez Fernández. “Síndrome HELLP: controversias y pronóstico” [HELLP syndrome: controversies and prognosis]. Hipertension y riesgo vascular vol. 37,4 (2020): 147-151. doi:10.1016/j.hipert.2020.07.002
[79] Takahashi A, Kita N, Tanaka Y, et al. Effects of high-dose dexamethasone in postpartum women with class 1 haemolysis, elevated liver enzymes and low platelets (HELLP) syndrome. J Obstet Gynaecol. 2019;39(3):335-339. doi:10.1080/01443615.2018.1525609
[80] Mao M, Chen C. Corticosteroid Therapy for Management of Hemolysis, Elevated Liver Enzymes, and Low Platelet Count (HELLP) Syndrome: A Meta-Analysis. Med Sci Monit. 2015;21:3777-3783. Published 2015 Dec 3. doi:10.12659/msm.895220
[81] Burwick RM, Feinberg BB. Complement activation and regulation in preeclampsia and hemolysis, elevated liver enzymes, and low platelet count syndrome. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2022;226(2S):S1059-S1070. doi:10.1016/j.ajog.2020.09.038
[82] Burwick RM, Feinberg BB. Eculizumab for the treatment of preeclampsia/HELLP syndrome. Placenta 2013 Feb;34(2):201-3.
[83] Lu AB, Lazarus B, Rolnik DL, Palmer KR. Pregnancy Prolongation After Eculizumab Use in Early-Onset. Preeclampsia. Obstet Gynecol 2019 Dec;134(6):1215-8
[84] Huang, Hui et al. “Clinical Classification, Pregnancy Outcomes and Risk Factors Analysis of Severe Preeclampsia Complicated With HELLP Syndrome.” Frontiers in surgery vol. 9 859180. 14 Mar. 2022, doi:10.3389/fsurg.2022.859180
[85] Rimaitis K, Grauslyte L, Zavackiene A, Baliuliene V, Nadisauskiene R, Macas A. Diagnosis of HELLP Syndrome: A 10-Year Survey in a Perinatology Centre. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2019;16(1):109. Published 2019 Jan 3. doi:10.3390/ijerph16010109
[86] Arigita Lastra, M, and G S Martínez Fernández. “Síndrome HELLP: controversias y pronóstico” [HELLP syndrome: controversies and prognosis]. Hipertension y riesgo vascular vol. 37,4 (2020): 147-151. doi:10.1016/j.hipert.2020.07.002
[87] Levey AS, Eckardt KU, Dorman NM, et al. Nomenclature for kidney function and disease: report of a Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) Consensus Conference. Kidney Int. 2020;97(6):1117-1129. doi:10.1016/j.kint.2020.02.010
[88] Brown MA, Magee LA, Kenny LC, et al. Hypertensive Disorders of Pregnancy: ISSHP Classification, Diagnosis, and Management Recommendations for International Practice. Hypertension. 2018;72(1):24-43. doi:10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.117.10803
[89] Harel Z, McArthur E, Hladunewich M, et al. Serum Creatinine Levels Before, During, and After Pregnancy. JAMA. 2019;321(2):205-207. doi:10.1001/jama.2018.17948
[90] Mirza FG, Cleary KL, Pre eclampsia and the Kidney. Semin Perinatol.2009;33(3):173-8.
[91] Moghaddas Sani H, Zununi Vahed S, Ardalan M. Preeclampsia: A close look at renal dysfunction. Biomed Pharmacother. 2019;109:408-416. doi:10.1016/j.biopha.2018.10.082
[92] Collantes Cubas JA, Vigil -De Gracia P, Cieza Terrones M, Sagástegui Posignon CG, Pérez Ventura SA, Díaz Machuca EM, Guzmán Aybar ER, Pajares Wong CA, Benites Pajares JM. Injuria renal aguda en mujeres con síndrome HELLP. Rev Peru Ginecol Obstet. 2017;63(2):183-189.
[93] Ye W, Shu H, Yu Y, et al. Acute kidney injury in patients with HELLP syndrome. Int Urol Nephrol. 2019;51(7):1199-1206. doi:10.1007/s11255-019-02111-7
[94] Liu Q, Ling GJ, Zhang SQ, Zhai WQ, Chen YJ. Effect of HELLP syndrome on acute kidney injury in pregnancy and pregnancy outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 2020;20(1):657. Published 2020 Oct 30. doi:10.1186/s12884-020-03346-4
[95] Conti-Ramsden FI, Nathan HL, De Greeff A, et al. Pregnancy-Related Acute Kidney Injury in Preeclampsia: Risk Factors and Renal Outcomes. Hypertension. 2019;74(5):1144-1151. doi:10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.119.13089
[96] Collantes-Cubas JA, Vigil-De Gracia P, Benza-Bedoya JA, Mendo-Aguilar JA, Pérez-Ventura SA, Vigo-Valera S. Eclampsia y síndrome HELLP en los Andes del Perú: complicaciones perinatales. Ginecol Obstet Mex. 2018 noviembre;86(11):718-723.
[97] Rao S, Jim B. Acute Kidney Injury in Pregnancy: The Changing Landscape for the 21stCentury. Kidney Int Rep. 2018;3(2): 247-57.
[98] Jim B, Garovic VD. Acute Kidney Injury in Pregnancy. Semin Nephrol, 2017;37(4):378-85.
[99] Elabd H, Elkholi M, Steinberg L, Acharya A. Eculizumab, a novel potential treatment for acute kidney injury associated with preeclampsia/HELLP syndrome. BMJ Case Rep. 2019;12(9):e228709. Published 2019 Sep 5. doi:10.1136/bcr-2018-228709
[100] Szczepanski J, Griffin A, Novotny S, Wallace K. Acute Kidney Injury in Pregnancies Complicated With Preeclampsia or HELLP Syndrome. Front Med (Lausanne). 2020 Feb 7;7:22. doi: 10.3389/fmed.2020.00022. PMID: 32118007; PMCID: PMC7020199.
[101] Lai J, Syngelaki A, Nicolaides KH, von Dadelszen P, Magee LA. Impact of new definitions of preeclampsia at term on identification of adverse maternal and perinatal outcomes. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2021;224(5):518.e1-518.e11. doi:10.1016/j.ajog.2020.11.004
[102] Melamed N, Baschat A, Yinon Y, et al. FIGO (international Federation of Gynecology and obstetrics) initiative on fetal growth: best practice advice for screening, diagnosis, and management of fetal growth restriction. Int J Gynaecol Obstet. 2021;152 Suppl 1(Suppl 1):3-57. doi:10.1002/ijgo.13522
[103] Gordijn SJ, Beune IM, Thilaganathan B, et al. Consensus definition of fetal growth restriction: a Delphi procedure. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 2016;48(3):333-339. doi:10.1002/uog.15884
[104] Fetal Growth Restriction: ACOG Practice Bulletin, Number 227. Obstet Gynecol. 2021;137(2):e16-e28. doi:10.1097/AOG.000000000000425
[105] Salomon LJ, Alfrevic Z, Da Silva CF, et al. ISUOG practice guidelines: ultrasound assessment of fetal biometry and growth. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 2019;53(6):715–23. https://doi.org/10.1002/uog.20272
[106] Figueras F, Gratacos E. An integrated approach to fetal growth restriction. Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol. 2017;38:48-58. doi:10.1016/j.bpobgyn.2016.10.006
[107] Farah O, Nguyen C, Tekkatte C, Parast MM. Trophoblast lineage-specific differentiation and associated alterations in preeclampsia and fetal growth restriction. Placenta. 2020;102:4-9. doi:10.1016/j.placenta.2020.02.007
[108] Marasciulo F, Orabona R, Fratelli N, et al. Preeclampsia and late fetal growth restriction. Minerva Obstet Gynecol. 2021;73(4):435-441. doi:10.23736/S2724-606X.21.04809-7.
[109] Hutcheon JA, Lisonkova S, Joseph KS. Epidemiology of pre-eclampsia and the other hypertensive disorders of pregnancy. Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol. 2011;25(4):391-403. doi:10.1016/j.bpobgyn.2011.01.006.
[110] Collantes-Cubas JA, Vigil-De Gracia P, Benza-Bedoya JA, Mendo-Aguilar JA, Pérez-Ventura SA, Vigo-Valera S. Eclampsia y síndrome HELLP en los Andes del Perú: complicaciones perinatales. Ginecol Obstet Mex. 2018 noviembre;86(11):718-723. DOI: https://doi.org/10.24245/gom. v86i11.2266.
[111] Kalafat E, Abiola A, Thilaganathan B, Bhide A, Khalil A. The Association Between Hypertension in Pregnancy and Preterm Birth with Fetal Growth Restriction in Singleton and Twin Pregnancy: Use of Twin Versus Singleton Charts. J Clin Med. 2020 Aug 5;9(8):2518. doi: 10.3390/jcm9082518. PMID: 32764227; PMCID: PMC7464003.
[112] Liauw J, Mayer C, Albert A, Fernandez A, Hutcheon JA. Which chart and which cut-point: deciding on the INTERGROWTH, World Health Organization, or Hadlock fetal growth chart. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 2022 Jan 10;22(1):25. doi: 10.1186/s12884-021-04324-0. PMID: 35012473; PMCID: PMC8751336.
[113] Bokslag A, van Weissenbruch M, Mol BW, de Groot CJ. Preeclampsia; short and long-term consequences for mother and neonate. Early Hum Dev. 2016;102:47-50. doi:10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2016.09.007.
[114] Coenen H, Braun J, Köster H, et al. Role of umbilicocerebral and cerebroplacental ratios in prediction of perinatal outcome in FGR pregnancies [published online ahead of print, 2021 Oct 2]. Arch Gynecol Obstet. 2021;10.1007/s00404-021-06268-4. doi:10.1007/s00404-021-06268-4.
[115] Alici Davutoglu E, Ozel A, Oztunc F, Madazli R. Modified myocardial performance index and its prognostic significance for adverse perinatal outcome in early and late onset fetal growth restriction. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med. 2020;33(2):277-282. doi:10.1080/14767058.2018.1489534.
Licencia
Derechos de autor 2022 Infomedic Intl.Derechos autoriales y de reproducibilidad. La Revista RevCog es un ente académico, sin fines de lucro, que forma parte de la Sociedad Centroamericana de Ginecología y Obstetricia. Sus publicaciones son de tipo ACCESO GRATUITO y PERMANENTE de su contenido para uso individual y académico, sin restricción. Los derechos autoriales de cada artículo son retenidos por sus autores. Al Publicar en la Revista, el autor otorga Licencia permanente, exclusiva, e irrevocable a la Sociedad para la edición del manuscrito, y otorga a la empresa editorial, Infomedic International Licencia de uso de distribución, indexación y comercial exclusiva, permanente e irrevocable de su contenido y para la generación de productos y servicios derivados del mismo.
