Manejo de la Osteoartritis

[Management of osteoarthritis]

Generoso Guerra1

1. Consultorios Royal Center, Panamá, Rep. de Panamá..

Publicado: 2024-01-01

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Resumen

De todas las enfermedades del sistema musculoesquelético, la osteoartritis (OA) es la más frecuente de las artritis, lo que conlleva a enormes gastos para la sociedad y una gran morbilidad para las personas que la padecen.  Se caracteriza por afectar toda la articulación, incluyendo la degradación del cartílago, el remodelamiento óseo, la formación de osteofitos y la inflamación de la membrana sinovial. En consecuencia, se produce dolor, rigidez, hinchazón y pérdida de la función articular con marcada limitación funcional. El manejo de esta entidad implica una terapia no farmacológica, el uso de drogas para el alivio del dolor y cirugía cuando las medidas anteriores han fallado. Dentro de las medidas no farmacológicas destacan la educación, los ejercicios para el fortalecimiento muscular, la terapia física, la disminución de peso y las ortesis o dispositivos para asistir en la deambulación. En cuanto a las drogas recomendadas podemos mencionar a los antiinflamatorios no esteroideos tanto tópicos como orales y los glucocorticoides intraarticulares. Finalmente, la meniscectomía parcial por artroscopía solo se ha recomendado cuando existe bloqueo en la rodilla. En aquellos individuos que sufran de un dolor insoportable o una limitación funcional severa por una enfermedad avanzada debe considerarse el reemplazo total de la articulación.


Abstract

Of all the diseases of the musculoskeletal system, osteoarthritis (OA) is the most common arthritis, leading to enormous costs to society and great morbidity for sufferers.  It is characterized by involvement of the entire joint, including cartilage degradation, bone remodeling, osteophyte formation and inflammation of the synovial membrane. This results in pain, stiffness, swelling and loss of joint function with marked functional limitation. Management of this entity involves non-pharmacological therapy, the use of drugs for pain relief and surgery when previous measures have failed. Non-pharmacological measures include education, muscle strengthening exercises, physical therapy, weight reduction and orthoses or devices to assist ambulation. As for recommended drugs, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, both topical and oral, and intra-articular glucocorticoids are recommended. Finally, partial meniscectomy by arthroscopy has only been recommended when there is knee locking. In individuals suffering from excruciating pain or severe functional limitation due to advanced disease, total joint replacement should be considered.

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