Diagnóstico y abordaje inicial del niño y adolescente con hipertensión arterial

[Diagnosis and initial approach to children and adolescents with arterial hypertension]

Basilio Dobras1

1. Hospital de Especialidades Pediátricas, Caja de Seguro Social, Panamá, Rep. de Panamá.

Publicado: 2024-04-30

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Resumen

La hipertensión arterial es uno de los factores de riesgo modificable involucrados en el desarrollo de la enfermedad cardiovascular (ECV). Si bien la prevalencia de HTA en niños es baja (alrededor de un 3.5%) en relación a la prevalencia en el adulto, algunos estudios sugieren que al iniciar en edades pediátricas el riesgo de ECV en la etapa adulta se incrementa, de modo que su detección y manejo temprano contribuiría a disminuir el riesgo de ECV en etapas más avanzadas de la vida. Dado que la ECV se ha constituido en las últimas décadas en la causa individual más frecuentes de morbilidad y mortalidad prematura en adultos a nivel mundial, algunas sociedades pediátricas como la Sociedad Europea de Hipertensión en Niños y Adolescentes (ESH), y la Academia Americana de Pediatría (AAP) se han hecho eco de iniciativas para el manejo de HTA, estableciendo guías prácticas clínicas para su diagnóstico y abordaje oportuEl presente artículo comprende una revisión de la literatura médica respecto a la hipertensión arterial en niños y adolescentes la cual resume las pautas útiles y actualizadas para la evaluación apropiada de la presión arterial y el abordaje inicial de la hipertensión arterial, lo cual incluye las definiciones, técnicas para el diagnóstico establecidas, así como el tratamiento inicial de la hipertensión arterial en niños y adolescentes.


Abstract

Arterial hypertension is one of the modifiable risk factors involved in the development of cardiovascular disease (CVD). Although the prevalence of hypertension in children is low (around 3.5%) in relation to the prevalence in adults, some studies suggest that when it starts in pediatric age, the risk of CVD in adulthood increases, so that its early detection and management would contribute to reducing the risk of CVD in later stages of life. Given that CVD has become the most frequent single cause of morbidity and premature mortality in adults worldwide in recent decades, some pediatric societies such as the European Society of Hypertension in Children and Adolescents (ESH) and the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) have taken initiatives for the management of hypertension, establishing practical clinical guidelines for its diagnosis and timely management. The present article comprises a review of the medical literature regarding hypertension in children and adolescents that summarizes useful and up-to-date guidelines for appropriate blood pressure evaluation and initial management of hypertension, including definitions, established diagnostic techniques, and initial management of hypertension in children and adolescents.

Citas

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