Factores sociodemográficos asociados al cumplimiento de medidas preventivas durante la pandemia de COVID-19 en Panamá

[Sociodemographic factors associated with compliance to preventive measures during the COVID-19 pandemic in Panama]

Rita Trujillo-Sagel1, Ericka Castro Trujillo2, Milthon Rodriguez Rodriguez3, Rubiel Nieto Melgar4

1. Medicina Familiar, Policlínica Manuel Ferrer Valdés, Caja de Seguro Social, Panamá, Rep. de Panamá; 2. Medicina General, MERIT, Panamá, Rep. de Panamá; 3. Medicina Familiar, Policlínica Generoso Guardia, Caja de Seguro Social, Panamá, Rep. de Panamá; 4. Medicina Familiar, Policlínica Hugo Spadafora Franco, Caja de Seguro Social, Panamá, Rep. de Panamá.

Publicado: 2024-08-30

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Resumen

Introducción. Al inicio de la pandemia, mientras se conocía más sobre COVID-19, cada país fue implementando medidas preventivas de manera progresiva, ocasionando diferencias en su impacto y cumplimiento. Este estudio pretende evaluar el cumplimiento y factores sociodemográficos asociados a cuatro medidas preventivas no farmacológicas anunciadas en Panamá. Métodos. Estudio transversal realizado entre junio y julio 2020. Se describieron frecuencias absolutas y relativas, se realizó la prueba Chi cuadrado para evaluar asociación y riesgo entre los potenciales factores a través del Odds Ratio (OR), con p < 0.05 como umbral significativo, y la V de Cramer. Resultados: Se incluyeron 3484 participantes. El nivel educativo bajo fue factor de riesgo de incumplimiento de las cuatro medidas preventivas estudiadas. El nivel de ingresos bajo fue factor de riesgo para incumplimiento del uso de mascarilla (OR = 2.0; 95% IC = 1.6-2.5) y lavado de manos (OR = 1.6; 95% IC = 1.3-2.0). Ser masculino fue factor de riesgo para no lavarse las manos (OR = 1.5; 95% IC = 1.3-1.9). Conclusiones: Aunque la mayoría cumplió con las medidas preventivas, el incumplimiento en el uso de mascarillas y lavado de manos, ambos asociados a nivel educativo y de ingresos bajos, se debieron probablemente a falta de educación en salud y dificultad de acceso a mascarillas y agua limpia. Se necesitan estudios en diferentes ámbitos y de mayor complejidad para enfocar las estrategias de prevención a las propias necesidades de cada región y afrontar mejor las próximas epidemias.


Abstract

Introduction. At the beginning of the pandemic, while more was known about Covid-19, each country implemented preventive measures progressively, causing differences in their impact and compliance. This study aims to evaluate compliance and sociodemographic factors associated with four non-pharmacological preventive measures announced in Panama. Methods. Cross-sectional study conducted between June and July 2020. Absolute and relative frequencies were described, the Chi-square test was performed to evaluate association and risk between the potential factors through the Odds Ratio (OR), with p < 0.05 as significant threshold, and Cramer's V. Results: A total of 3484 participants were included. Low educational level was a risk factor for noncompliance with the four preventive measures studied. Low income level was a risk factor for noncompliance with mask use (OR = 2.0; 95% CI = 1.6-2.5) and hand washing (OR = 1.6; 95% CI = 1.3-2.0). Being male was a risk factor for failure to wash hands (OR = 1.5; 95% CI = 1.3-1.9). Conclusions: Although the majority complied with preventive measures, noncompliance in the use of masks and hand washing, both associated with educational level and low income, were probably due to lack of health education and difficulty of access to masks and clean water. Studies in different areas and of greater complexity are needed to focus prevention strategies on the needs of each region and to better confront future epidemics. 

Citas

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